Darwin´s Theory of Natural Selection and Primates

Darwin’s ideas about organic evolution were drawn from the existing forces of knowledge on evolution developed by Lyell, Malthus, and Lamarck. Although Darwin was not the first thinker about the concept of evolution, he was a revolutionary in developing a theory of evolution that was consistent. The distinctive element of the evolutionary theory conceived by Darwin is the way he viewed species. Darwin considered variation among individuals of a species to be natural. He further argued that variation, far from being problematic, actually provides the explanation for the existence of distinct species. Darwin adopted elements from Malthus’s theory on population growth and stated that only those members of a population that are capable†¦show more content†¦New York: Modern library. †¢ Ridley, Mark. Evolution. John Wiley sons, 2009. Print. GROUP-2 B) After gaining a clear understanding of natural selection and its prominence in the theory of evolution, the possibility of linking human origin with its ancestors (Primates) has become clearer. Human evolution is characterized by a number of morphological, developmental, physiological, and behavioral changes but most interestingly the basis for such changes is in understanding the origins of humans. The Primate order indeed serves as the starting point for human evolution. The Primates are an ancient and diverse Eutherian group. Although Primates are considered as tropical animals that live in forest setting, yet they inhabit many kinds of landscapes and live in widely diverse climates. Primates are divided into two groups, the Strepsirhini and the Haplorhini. Strepsirhines have long muzzle, wet noses, lower incisors forming a toothcomb, nocturnal, and have an immobile upper lip. Haplorhines are further divided into two major groups, the Platyrrhini and the Catarrhini. Platyrrhine s include the new world monkeys found mainly in the South and Central America. Catarrhines include the old world monkeys and Hominoidea. Homioidea are further divided into apes and humans. The following physical and behavioral characteristics identify Primates as a separate order ofShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Evolution1188 Words   |  5 Pagesa time before the world did not know the theory of evolution and the theories demonstrated by Sir Charles Darwin. Before the evolution, there were people who were subjected to religious ideologies of how mankind was created, they believed that the upper class was known to be â€Å"divine creatures†. However, the introduction of evolution leads the theory to be the base of biology and changes the minds of people all over the world. Firstly, before the theory of evolution, there was the idea of humansRead MoreEvolution Of Evolution And Natural Selection967 Words   |  4 PagesIn the film, Darwin s Tree of Life, the narrator, David Attenborough, presents the audience with the theory of evolution as documented by Charles Darwin in the 1800 s. The video is based on Darwin s perspective of evolution and natural selection. Darwin s findings were revolutionary and caused out-rage among the religious who believed in the story of creation beginning with Adam and Eve. In the video, Darwin s Tree of Life, Darwin s theory of evolution and natural selection proved the treeRead MoreEvolution Is The Process Of Inheriting Traits Through Dna Over Successful Generations1319 Words   |  6 Pageslife itself. Evolution is the process of inheriting traits through DNA over successful generations. Charles Darwin, a naturalist and geologist synthesized a theory later known as Darwinism, which explains that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual s ability to compete, survive, and reproduce (Darwin, 1859). Humans have evolved over a period of almost 1.5 millions of years with creation, development andRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1027 Words   |  5 PagesPart A: Evolution of Polar Bears Introduction The theory of evolution by natural selection (Darwinism), first formulated in Darwin s book On the Origin of Species in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioural traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and that have more offspring. The first three ideas were already under discussion among earlier and contemporaneous naturalistsRead More Charles Darwin and the Scientific Revolution Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscoveries and it allowed many scientists such as Charles Robert Darwin to continue thinking and striving for the truth as other scientists, such as Galileo and Newton, had done before him. It was clear that logic and reasoning was becoming more popular than faith. The Scientific Revolution was well underway before Darwin was even born, but it was his studies which allowed us to conclude that the world is governed entirely by natural forces, including the struggle for existence in which the fittestRead MoreNatural Selection And Human Evolution1198 Words   |  5 PagesMissouri. Evolution is the changed caused by natural selection. The effect of the inheritable elements on their own frequency in succeeding generations. (Inheritable elements replaced the words generations). The variation within species and reproductive success are the basis of natural selection. Natural selection was developed by nineteenth-century British naturalists Charles Robert Darwin (1809–1882) and Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913). Both Darwin and argued that certain individuals in a speciesRead MoreBorn February 12, 1809, Charles Robert Darwin Was An English1533 Words   |  7 Pages1809, Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist. Best known for his bold scientific approach in explaining â€Å"transmutation† or evolution, as it is recently termed, of natural selection. Formulating his theory secretly from 1837-39, after returning aboard the HMS Beagle from a voyage around the world. Charles Darwin published his evolution theory, in his book e ntitled ‘On the Origin of Species’ two decades after his return in 1959. Darwin’s Evolutionary Theory or Darwinism is consideredRead MoreEssay about Evolution1502 Words   |  7 Pages Charles Darwin had two great themes in quot;On the Origin of Speciesquot; which accounted for the similarities and adaptations characteristic of living organisms. To account for the adaptations of organisms and those innumerable features that equip them for survival and reproduction, Darwin (and Wallace) independently came up with the central theory of evolutionary process: natural selection. Natural selection gives insight in to why organisms are the way that they are. Adaptations are Read MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1957 Words   |  8 Pagesdiscusses the theory of evolution in detail. Topics this paper will address include defining the theory of evolution and explaining how the theory has evolved over time, as well as highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the theory and examining how effective the theory is in today’s world. I. Description of the theory The theory of evolution sets forth an explanation of how all of the living species on Earth came to be. The theory as we know it today, written by Charles Darwin, states thatRead MoreHow Information Is Transmitted Over Time2059 Words   |  9 Pagesis how information is transmitted over time. Although Charles Darwin did not know about modern genetics with DNA and chromosomes, he did know that organisms resemble their parents, variation in a single species is able to be inherited, and that as there is change in population survival of the fittest will allow only the superior organism to pass its dominance on.(Eldridge 69) Darwin discovered many theories, such as natural selection and the descent of man from a common ancestors with apes, that

Technology Is Helping Or Hurting Young Children And Students

â€Å"Historically, many educators and policymakers alike have valued the potential of digital technology to revolutionize the education system† (Blackwell, Lauricella, and Wartella 82). As technological standards continue to increase, society continues to argue whether it is helping or hurting young children and students. The use of technology and monitoring the use in early childhood education students can vary depending on school setting and home life. Technology can have great benefits, but it can also have detrimental effects, if used in the wrong way. The benefits of technology at home and in the classroom for students, even those on the Autism Spectrum Disorder, are the key topics in this paper. In order to create the best environment†¦show more content†¦As children begin their journey into a school setting, they will need good background on subjects to ensure they are not behind; this will come from their home life. As toddlers grow up, their exposure to new knowledge also grows. With the help of educational TV, we are able to begin that exposure early. However, we do not want to overexpose them to TV, but some is acceptable and helpful. Pediatricians recommend parents to â€Å"limit the amount of total entertainment screen time to 1 to 2 hours per day† (American Academy of Pediatrics 959). By limiting the amount of screen time and only allowing for educational means of screen time, we are encouraging education and learning at a young age. As children grow older, they interact with new technologies, but with a strong positive educational influence in their younger years, we are encouraging it to continue. The use of educational technology at a young age is dependent on the compliance of parents and with that compliance; we are giving our children a better educational experience and equipping them with better educational technologies to use in their futures. Parents must monitor technology use and limit it, depending on their child’s age. By blocking harmful sites or applications on

Computer Software Engineering Stealing Intellectual...

Assignment – 6 CSC 580 Advanced Software Engineering Stealing Intellectual property and how it hurts legitimate authors 1.Introduction of the intellectual property: Firstly, having intellectual property rights lays good foundation for the software industry. Indeed, the intellectual property rights means having the rights for the creation of his work. For instance, considering an example in the software profession if an individual develops a software code then the individual has the full authority on his creation of the code. Moreover, the individual has the rights for his creation of the software work. Eventually, in the software field if any other individual wants to make use of the code the individual must entreat the approval of the original owner of the software code. Identically, the other individual must cite the work or must refer the original idea of the individual work properly. 2.Stealing of the intellectual property from the legitimate authors: Secondly, in the software field profession stealing of the intellectual property from the legitimate authors means using the idea of the original creator of the software work. Indeed, the copying, stealing and using the software work is a serious offense because of the presenting the idea of the other work as your own is a crime. Moreover, they are several methods of stealing the intellectual property from the legitimate authors they are: a) Copying the idea from the original author of the software work and presentingShow MoreRelated An Investigation of Software Piracy in China - Software Piracy Lacks Ethical Merit5031 Words   |  21 Pages An Investigation of Software Piracy in China - Software Piracy Lacks Ethical Merit â€Å"Well, sir, from the sound of it, youve got yourself some pirated software. Im afraid theres nothing we can do to help you.† 1. BSA Statistics 30 1. Introduction Software piracy is a rampant global problem, according to the Seventh Annual Global Software Piracy Study by the Business Software Alliance. The rate of software piracy varies significantly across the world, though no country is without it. VietnamRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 Pagesthem, and the business processes you will need to engage in. b. Your company will need to exchange information with various external parties. Identify the external parties, and specify the information received from and sent to each of them. The author turns this question into an in-class group activity. Students are divided up in groups, told to close their books, and given 15 minutes to: a. Think through the business processes, key decisions, and information needs issues in their group. bRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesand job satisfaction, practices providing work life balance, organizational direction, and other practices that facilitate retention. Next, there will be a discussion of the costs of downsizing and layoffs. This will be followed by a discussion of how to avoid business cycle–based layoffs, alternatives to layoffs, and employment guarantees. There will also be a discussion of the relationship between job insecurity and work Page 5 STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Section One effort. NontraditionalRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesPermissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design: Jayne Conte Cover Art: Getty Images, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page withinRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCreating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/CounterpointRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages. . . . . . . . . . 311 Vroom’s Expectancy Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Behavior Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Goal-Setting Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 How Should Managers Motivate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 14—Leadership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 What Is LeadershipRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesdistribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions: (1) Attribution You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author, namely by citing his name, the book title, and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold toRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. 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Indonesias Influence On The International Platform

A country which is fourth most populous nation on the planet, is on the course of becoming one of the biggest economies in coming decades, Indonesia’s influence and role on the international platform cannot be overlooked especially when one of the fastest growing tension in the world is taking place in its own backyard. The recent heightening of competition for the dominance over South China Sea, an enormously important region due to its strategic location and vast amount of untapped natural resources, has strained relationships between China and other countries in the region. China’s extensive claims of authority over the sea—and the sea’s supposed 11 billion barrels of untapped oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas—have provoked challenging claimants Malaysia, Vietnam, Brunei, Taiwan, Indonesia, and the Philippines. As early as the 1970s, countries in the region began to claim as their own islands and various zones in the South China Sea for instance the Spratly islands, which may have rich natural resources and fishing areas. Even though its relations and on the rise Indonesia upholds a flexible foreign policy that allows it to productively engage with countries around the world. Indonesia relationship with China has been characterized by a history of enmity, but lasting concerns contradict with economic and foreign policy. Of late, there has been speculations that Indonesia under President Joko Jokowi Widodo is tilting toward China. Some have even suggestedShow MoreRelatedMacro-Environment Analysis on Airasia and Its Effect on Marketing Decision Making |2979 Words   |  12 Pagesfactors in decision making are undeniable. Kotler thinks that â€Å"economic environment effect consumer-buying power and spending patterns.† Total buying power depends on current income, prices, savings and credit. 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Indonesia’s nominal GDP is forecasted to reach US$819.75bn in 2012 with averageRead MoreThe Problem Of Child Labor2765 Words   |  12 Pagesjunior secondary school age and below do not attend classes / lectures / seminars. Furthermore, most of these children are then forced to enter the workforce at a very young age and are vulnerable to exploitation. Based on strong research from the International Labour Organization (ILO), â€Å"it is estimated that there are 3.2 million children between the ages of 10 – 17 years old in Indonesia engaged in employment with some involved in the worst forms of child labour.† By definition, child labour is describedRead MoreProject Report : Bp Energy Outlook5202 Words   |  21 Pageslocation of the fields (Burgers, et al. 2011). Among them, there are East Natuna Field (40 TCF methane; 71% CO2), K5 Field (13.2 TCF; 70% CO2), and Kuala Langsa (10 TCF; 80% CO2). At present time, development of those fields becomes the priority o f Indonesia’s and Malaysia’s governments to meet the forthcoming increase of domestic gas demand (FIGURE) and maintain their export to the regional market especially China, Japan, and South Korea. FIGURE shows the projection of regional gas demand and FIGURERead MoreCarrefour Case Study16000 Words   |  64 Pagesbringing nearly all types of consumer goods under one roof in 1959[.] (p. C 74) o [Carrefour] built a reputation as the retailer that offered the most variety and freshness at low prices. (p. C 74) o [Carrefour] has always been significantly more international than most of its competitors[.] (p. C 74) o In order to fight back against the hard-discounters, Carrefour expanded its own hard discount chain, ED. (p. C 75) o Carrefour focuses on selecting the format best suited to the particular market andRead MoreCarrefour Case Study23561 Words   |  95 Pagesthe hypermarket concept of bringing nearly all types of consumer goods under one roof in 1959. Carrefour built a reputation as the retailer that offered the most variety and freshness at low prices. Carrefour has always been significantly more international than most of its competitors. In order to fight back against the hard-discounters, Carrefour expanded its own hard discount chain; ED. Carrefour focuses on selecting the format best suited to the particular market and adapting that format toRead MoreAir Asia Strategic Analysis7334 Words   |  30 Pagesof new secondary hubs †¢ Further enhance route network, venture destinations previously uncovered †¢ Yield enhancement due to benefits of maturity †¢ Ancillary expansion Stage 3 (we are here) Pursue regional expansion expanding business on existing platform (ancillary) †¢ Expand network to new countries †¢ Develop strategic partnership for mutual benefits †¢ Use strong brand to drive new business Stage 2 IPO Capital Raising and become publicly traded company †¢ Strengthen financial sheets †¢ Improve companyRead MoreNestle History7697 Words   |  31 PagesThis unit is responsible for coordinating horizontal, cross-business projects that address current customer concerns as well as anticipating future consumer trends. Nestlà © is a global organization. Knowing this, it is not surprising that international strategy is at the heart of their competitive focus. Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s competitive strategies are associated mainly with foreign direct investment in dairy and other food businesses. Nestlà © aims to balance sales between low risk but low growth countries

New Vaccines for Ebola Treatment Essay with Free Samples

Question: Write an essay on New Vaccines for Ebola Treatment? Answer: Introduction The pursuit for finding a way to prevent and treat the Ebola virus infection is in full swing. The dreadful Ebola virus is the reason of the mortality of more than 10,000 people in three West African nations (Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) (Martnez-Romero Garca-Sastre, 2015). The recent Ebola virus outbreak in West African countries is unheard-of, (since its first occurrence in 1976), causing large number of cases and mortalities than all the earlier reported cases in combined. During the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone, the examination of patient outcomes confirmed 74% fatality rate (Schieffelin et al., 2014). This epidemic situation is however, revolving in and around the West African population, but the Ebola virus infection can also be a risk to healthy populations in different parts of the world, by inadvertent introduction of the diseased individuals from the endemic regions in the non infected population. The complete meta-analysis of the data provided by the WHO on the pas t 20 Ebola virus outbreaks including the recent one, showed an approximate case-fatality rate of 65.4% (Lefebvre et al., 2014). Although, the numbers of disease cases are going down in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, still new cases are emerging every day in the West Africa and rest of the world, thus we can assume that the goal of complete eradication of Ebola virus infection is yet to be achieved. Understanding the clinical course of Ebola virus infection It is of crucial importance to know the specific molecular properties of Ebola virus pathogenesis, so that these aspects of viral pathogenesis can be used to develop effective drug therapy, against Ebola virus. The treatment of Ebola disease before 2014 largely included supportive care with antipyretics and rehydration therapy (Dixon Schafer, 2014). The Ebola virus belongs to the Filoviridae family and is further categorized on the basis of their difference in the number, sequence and location of overlapping gene and their virulence, into 5 different species: the Bundibugyo, Reston agents, Sudan, Ta Forest, and Zaire (Baize, 2015; Sanchez et al., 2007). Ebola virus is a single stranded RNA based, non segmented virus which has been linked with frequent occurrences of serious hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates (Feldmann Geisbert, 2011). The entrance of the Ebola virus into the host cells is believed to be facilitated by the spikes of the glycoprotein envelope (Hunt et al., 2 012). Mostly, the mucosal route, skin injuries and direct parental transmission are the main pathways of Ebola virus infection in human beings (Hofmann-Winkler Hofmann-Winkler et al., 2012) as confirmed from the biopsy reports of the skin samples and bodily fluids (Goeijenbier et al., 2014; Mahanty Bray, 2004). Investigations of animal subjects and patients have shown that the widespread infection and replication of Ebola virus in the infected cells takes place very efficiently and it reflects its ability to neutralize the decisive innate immune responses by the interferon molecules (Wong et al., 2014). A large number of organ system and physiological functions such as pulmonary, gastrointestinal, hepatic, genitourinary tract, endocrine, immunity responses and central nervous system, are directly affected by the Ebola virus infection due to its extensive propagation and these abnormalities are directly observed in patients (Bah et al., 2015; Connor et al., 2015; Davis et al., 1997;Dixon Schafer, 2014; Jahrling et al., 1996; Kang McGavern, 2010; Leroy et al., 2001; Martines et al., 2015; McElroy et al., 2014; Paessler Walker, 2013; Schieffelin et al., 2014; Tandon Acharya, 1987; West et al., 2014). Patients suffering from Ebola virus display a wide range of clinical manifestations like headache, high fever, malaise, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhoea, bleeding, hypotension etc. (Baize et al., 2014; West et al., 2014). Additionally, the chief ailments due to Ebola virus infection are associated with gastrointestinal abnormalities, like diarrhoea, vomiting, electrolytic imbalance s etc. Significant loss of gastrointestinal fluids may cause hypovolemic shock and organ failure, which can be avoided by careful patient monitoring so as to avoid renal failure and cardiovascular collapse. However, patients may also show signs of sepsis or may require mechanical ventilation to reduce the risk of respiratory failure (Kreuels et al., 2014). Vaccines and other management strategies for Ebola virus infection Currently, there are no vaccines licensed for use in human beings against Ebola virus infection. Clinical studies of several potential candidate vaccines are at its maximal pace and it is expected that by the advent of 2016, an effective and safe vaccination will be developed. Till now, about 15 vaccines are being developed and two of which (VSB-EBOV and ChAd3-ZEBOV) are being subjected to clinical testing. VSV-EBOV (Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Ebola Virus vaccine) is an investigational preparation, a replication-fit recombinant vaccine, developed by the Merck and New Link Genetics, USA in association with the Public Health group, Canada. The vesicular stomatitis virus has been genetically manipulated to display Ebola like features, so the immune system gets activated against Ebola virus (Andrea et al., 2011). The other vaccine, ChAd3-ZEBOV or the cAd3-EBO Z, is a trial jab for two Ebola strains (Ebola and Sudan virus), generated by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease and Glaxo Smith Kline. In this, the adenovirus type 3 (ChAd3) derived from chimpanzee, are genetically modified engineered to show properties of Ebola virus to stimulate the immunity against Ebola virus. As of now, clinical trials of both these vaccines are ongoing. The results of Phase I studies of these two vaccines were available in January and both showed positive results of being safe and well tolerated in humans. Although, some mild to moderate side effects like fever, arthritis, pain etc. were exhibited by VSV-EBOV (Martnez-Romero Garca-Sastre, 2015). Presently, Phase II/III of clinical trials are in progress in Guinea and Sierra Leone for VSV-EBOV and the data from these two studies will be assessed by the Data Safety Monitoring Board which will determine whether the vaccine is effective or not. Additionally, Johnson Johnson has also developed a two dose vaccination strategy, which involved two different vaccines (Ad26-EBOV and MVA-EBOV). The phase I of this combination is complete and results of succeeding phases is awaited. Many other organizations are also working to develop an effective and safe vaccine candidate against Ebola virus like the unconventional vesicular stomatitis virus candidate by Profectus Biosciences, an oral adenovirus proposal by Vaxart, a DNA based approach by Inovia, another recombinant protein candidate by Protein Sciences, and a modified rabies vaccine by Jefferson University. A novel vaccine candidate has just completed its initial human testing in China. Another US based biotech company, Novavax, has also developed a vaccine against Ebola based on Guinea 2014 strain of Ebola virus and the Phase I of the trial has been completed in Australia. Health Ministry, Russia is also working to develop an influenza recombinant vaccine for Ebola virus, and the Phase I trial has been started in the mid 2015. Pharmaceutical companies are also devoted to boost their production capacity in case if the vaccine shows the desired safety and efficacy to fulfil the demand of finished product. There are other medicines that were considered for treatment against Ebola virus infection. These potential candidates have been tested by the Science and Technical Advisory Committee on Emergency Ebola Interventions of the WHO. Some of them are either currently being tested in Ebola endemic settings or have already been employed in treating Ebola infection. Among the various treatments for Ebola virus infection, the leading candidates for human trials include are: convalescent plasma, which is being isolated from an Ebola patients, as it possess the antibodies against Ebola virus; favipiravir, which is an antiviral compound presently licensed for influenza; the experimental drug brincidofovir, which was originally made against infections from cytomegalovirus and adenovirus. It has demonstrated to halt the reproduction of Ebola virus replication in-vitro and; the ZMapp, which is a mixture of three different monoclonal antibodies which specifically targets the glycoprotein envelope of the Ebola virus; some of them have shown promising results in animal models while other are being tried to some Ebola patients on a considerate basis. Some of the therapeutic options and their description in treatment of Ebola infection are given in the table. Drug Phase Company Details TKM100802 (siRNA) II Tekmira, Canada It involves a small sequence of RNA that breaks RNA of Ebola virus in cells thus preventing its replication. Successful in treating monkeys. Although, the clinical trial was stopped as the trial end points were met. MIL77 I MabWorks, China A concoction of three monoclonal antibodies (same as in Zmapp). Equally effective in monkeys like Zmapp. Clinical trials is about to begin in China. BCX4430 I Biocryst, USA Broad spectrum nucleoside analogue. Ongoing Phase I safety trial. Trial will continue only after satisfactory data from Phase I studies Interferons II Used for treatment of multiple sclerosis and Hepatitis-B, -C. Clinical trials were started in Guinea, but there is chance of exacerbation of symptom. Therefore, the patients recruitment on the basis of recent symptom onset. Amiodarone Observational For treatment of cardiac dysrhythmia. It was found to reduce case mortality ratio in Sierra Leone. Although, this drug is no longer used. Atorvostatin + Irbesartan +/ Clomiphene Used to treat hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and infertility, respectively. In fact, used in Sierra Leone, but, official confirmation of their use and the clinical data was never available. FX06 Peptide for use in treating vascular leakage. Empathetically given to only two patients. No conclusions. Zmab Investigational monoclonal antibody with no arrangements for large scale production. Administered to some patients as other drugs were not available, on a considerate basis. Amodiaquine Antimalarial drug when given to all the patients, the case fatality ratio were reduced. The cause is still unknown. Conclusion The recent Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa was a devastating emergency which led to the deaths of a large number people. Organizations at both national and global level have learnt a lesson in controlling this disease from turning into an epidemic, that they need a multidirectional policy that involves better disease surveillance, its fast and easy diagnosis, and availability of safe and effective therapeutic options. It was realized that the health care providers working in the infected area must be well equipped with effective diagnostic and therapeutic tools so win this battle. A number of therapeutic agents are now under evaluation on both pre-clinical and clinical levels in hopes to acquire a potential cure for Ebola. It is expected that an efficient and safe therapy will materialize from the screening of a vast group of agents undergoing trials against Ebola virus infection. They may be agents like favipiravir, brincidofovir, BCX-4430, TKM-100802 etc. or the convalescent whole blood or plasma therapy and specific monoclonal antibodies. The entire international social order, under the guidance of the WHO and other organization of public/private partnership, is directed to find a potent cure for Ebola so that any future outbreak can be contained efficiently. References Bah, EI, Lamah, MC, Fletcher, T, et al. (2015) Clinical presentation of patients with Ebola Virus Disease in Conakry, Guinea. New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (1). p. 407. Baize, S, Pannetier, D, Oestereich, L, et al. (2014) Emergence of Zaire Ebola virus disease in Guinea. New England Journal of Medicine. 371. p. 141825. Baize, S. 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Heroin Essay Example For Students

Heroin Essay Society today has been clouded and somewhat overtaken by social drugs. Wherever you may look, a drug is being used, whether it is more commonly a cigarette being smoked on the street, or the covert teens smoking marijuana in secluded areas. In any case, there is not one person who can say drug use is not prevalent, since society has made it clear through news, music and everyday life. However, there are certain drugs that seem to be worse than others, and society once again has taught us that through our laws and restrictions. The worse the drug, the more you pay for having it. Basically, drugs have become a part of our life, and you never know when they can land on your doorstep. An illegal drug, which has taken firm ground in society, is heroin. Heroin is one of the most used hard drugs in society today. Even though it is illegal, surveys have proved that many people have done and are still doing heroin. The worst part is that heroin is classified as having the worst addiction and withdrawal symptoms than any other drug. Heroin is known as H or Brown, and is related to other drugs because of its elementary foundation. Heroin is related to morphine and codeine, since all three are derived from the opium poppy plant. They are called opiates, and are found in the dried milk of opium poppy seeds. Morphine and codeine are both very effective painkillers and are used for medical uses, such as cough medicines and after surgery painkillers. However, these drugs can form a quick dependency in the people that use them, and therefore must be used with caution. The opium poppy plant and its use date back as far as 6000-year-old Sumerian texts. The Sumerians are an ancient people, and referred to the poppy plant as the joy plant. In either the 7th or 8th centuries, it is believed that Arab traders brought opium to China, where it was used as medicine. At about the 17th century, it was realized that opium could be smoked. Later on m the Portuguese, then the British were supplying China with most of its opium. Britain would also sell opium to India to be smuggled into China, and in turn, the Chinese government would destroy the opium imports before it reached China. This little plant sparked two wars between China and Britain, and in conclusion, Britain received Hong Kong as compensation for the destroyed opium. In the Victorian era, opium was taken in the form of a laudanum, which is opium dissolved in alcohol, and it was very popular. Heroin, a white powder, was created in 1874, and was sold as a safe substitute for morphine. However, it was discovered that heroin produced a quick dependency in people. Heroin and other opiates were made illegal in 1920 as part of the Dangerous Drugs Act. Still today, however, Heroin is illegally manufactured and imported, largely from the Indian sub-continent. As well as killing pain, moderate doses of pure opioids produce a range of mild effects. They depress the activity of the nervous system, including such reflexes as coughing, breathing and heart rate. They also cause widening of the blood vessels, which gives a feeling of warmth and reduces bowel activity, which causes constipation. Heroin itself can be taken in three ways, injecting a solution of heroin and water into your vein, snorting it, or inhaling it. A person will receive maximum effects if they inject it. Basically heroin makes people feel as if they are in a state of Euphoria for a small amount of time, and cause people to be drowsy warm and content, which kind of detaches you from pain. .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 , .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 .postImageUrl , .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 , .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945:hover , .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945:visited , .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945:active { border:0!important; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945:active , .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945 .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaf8ff43f833c3aacd20128fd12286945:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Math Is The Language Of The Un EssayAfter Heroin is injected or inhaled, it crosses the blood brain barrier, and once in the brain, it is converted to morphine and will bind with opioid receptors. This transferring is what gives the user their rush, and the more of the drug, the faster it binds and the stronger the rush. Heroin is particularly addictive because it enters the brain so fast. With heroin, the rush is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities, which may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and severe itching. Long-term use of heroin causes tolerance to develop so that in order to achieve the same degree of euphoria, larger and larger doses must be taken. When a person has been off the drug for some time their tolerance decreases and a common cause of death results from a user taking the same amount of drug used before they stopped or cut down. When high doses have been taken for several weeks, a sudden withdrawal causes symptoms of discomfort similar to flu. These include aches, sweating and chills, tremors, sneezing and yawning and muscular spasms, all or some of which usually end between 8 and 24 hours after the last dose of heroin. Prolonged usage can cause physical damage to the body, although not necessarily from the drug itself. Repeated injections with dirty needles can result in diseases such as Hepatitis, AIDS and Tetanus, especially when sharing needles. Repeated sniffing of heroin damages the nose. Reduced appetite caused by Heroin use can lead to disease as a result of a poor diet and self-neglect. Because people become dependent, money problems can occur because of the cost of satisfying the next fix. Also, the addiction itself can be a long-term effect. People will keep doing it just so their withdrawal symptoms will go away. Heroin becomes a physical dependency. Withdrawal may occur within a few hours after the last time the drug is taken. Symptoms of withdrawal include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps, and leg movements. Major withdrawal symptoms are the highest between 24 and 48 hours after the last dose of heroin and calm down after a bout a week. However, some people have shown persistent withdrawal signs for many months. There are ways in which a heroin addict can be helped. First of all, detoxification is very helpful. A heroin addict is given synthetic opiates to relieve withdrawal symptoms, and the person can be okay without the drug. Within detox, a person can talk to a counselor, so while their body is becoming physically better, psychologically they can be helped. Heroin addicts definitely need psychological help. Their minds tend to focus on getting more heroin and doing whatever they can to get it. This is so even if it means stealing or hurting friends and family. In conclusion, heroin is a disgusting drug, which can harm you and take away important time of your life. It is easy to overdose, you mess with the way you think, and the way your nervous system works. Heroin is the most addictive drug out there because the symptoms you get when you dont have it are absolutely horrible. Synthetic opiates such as LAAM and methadone are drugs that can help a person get the physical experience, but still becoming free of the drug itself. The abuse of Heroin can destroy a persons life, their friendships, and their bodies. When someone is addicted to heroin, they not only hurt themselves, they hurt the people who love them. Heroin Abuse and Addiction. www.NIDA.comOpiates/Heroin. www.druginformation.comWords/ Pages : 1,220 / 24